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Michael Halliday
Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M.A.K. Halliday) (born 13 April 1925) is a British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential ''systemic functional linguistic'' model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of ''systemic functional grammar'' (''SFG'').〔See Halliday, M.A.K. 2002. ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday''. London: Continuum.〕 Halliday describes language as a semiotic system, "not in the sense of a system of signs, but a systemic resource for meaning".〔Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. "Systemic Background". In ''Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers'' from the ''Ninth International Systemic Workshop'', James D. Benson and William S. Greaves (eds). Ablex. Vol. 3 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 192.〕 For Halliday, language is a "meaning potential"; by extension, he defines linguistics as the study of "how people exchange meanings by 'languaging'".〔Halliday, 1985. "Systemic Background". In ''Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers'' from the ''Ninth International Systemic Workshop'', Benson and Greaves (eds). Vol. 3 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 193.〕 Halliday describes himself as a ''generalist'', meaning that he has tried "to look at language from every possible vantage point", and has described his work as "wander() the highways and byways of language".〔Halliday, 2002. "A Personal Perspective". In ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works'', pp. 7, 14.〕 However, he has claimed that "to the extent that I favoured any one angle, it was the social: language as the creature and creator of human society".〔Halliday, 2002. "A Personal Perspective". In ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 6.〕
==Biography==
Halliday was born and raised in England. His fascination for language was nurtured by his parents: his mother, Winifred, had studied French, and his father, Wilfred, was a dialectologist, a dialect poet, and an English teacher with a love for grammar and Elizabethan drama.〔Webster, J. J. 2005. "M.A.K.: the early years, 1925-1970". In R. Hasan, C. Matthiessen, and J .J. Webster. ''Continuing Discourse on Language''. London: Equinox, p. 3.〕 In 1942, Halliday volunteered for the national services' foreign language training course. He was selected to study Chinese on the strength of his success in being able to differentiate tones. After 18 months' training, he spent a year in India working with the Chinese Intelligence Unit doing counter-intelligence work. In 1945 he was brought back to London to teach Chinese.〔Webster, 2005. "M.A.K.: the early years, 1925–1970". In Hasan, Matthiessen, and Webster, ''Continuing Discourse on Language'', p. 4.〕 He took a BA Honours degree in Modern Chinese Language and Literature (Mandarin) through the University of London. This was an external degree, with his studies conducted in China. He then lived for three years in China, where he studied under Luo Changpei at Peking University and under Wang Li at Lingnan University,〔Halliday, 1985. "Systemic Background". In ''Systemic Perspectives on Discourse'', Vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers from the Ninth International Systemic Workshop, Benson and Greaves (eds). Vol. 3 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 188.〕 before returning to take a PhD in Chinese Linguistics at Cambridge under the supervision of Gustav Hallam and then J. R. Firth.〔(Interview - M A K Halliday, May 1986, by G. Kress, R. Hasan and J. R. Martin )〕 Having taught languages for 13 years, he changed his field of specialisation to linguistics,〔Halliday, 2002. "A Personal Perspective". Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 2.〕 and developed systemic functional linguistics, including systemic functional grammar, elaborating on the foundations laid by his British teacher J. R. Firth and a group of European linguists of the early 20th century, the Prague school. His seminal paper on this model was published in 1961.
Halliday's first academic position was Assistant Lecturer in Chinese, at Cambridge University, from 1954 to 1958. In 1958 he moved to Edinburgh, where he was Lecturer in General Linguistics until 1960, and then Reader from 1960 to 1963. From 1963 to 1965, he was the director of the Communication Research Center at University College, London. During 1964, he was also Linguistic Society of America Professor, at Indiana University. From 1965 to 1971, he was Professor of Linguistics at UCL. In 1972–73 he was Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences, at Stanford, and in 1973–74 Professor of Linguistics at the University of Illinois. In 1974 he briefly moved back to Britain as Professor of Language and Linguistics at Essex University. In 1976 he moved to Australia as Foundation Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney, where he remained until he retired in 1987.〔Details of Halliday's work history from "M.A.K. Halliday" in Keith Brown and Vivien Law (eds). 2007. ''Linguistics in Britain: Personal Histories'' (Philological Society), 36, p. 117.〕
Halliday has worked in various regions of language study, both theoretical and applied, and has been especially concerned with applying the understanding of the basic principles of language to the theory and practices of education.〔For example, Halliday, M.A.K. 2007. ''Language and Education'', Vol. 9 in ''The Collected Works''.〕 He received the status of Emeritus Professor of the University of Sydney and Macquarie University, Sydney, in 1987. He has honorary doctorates from University of Birmingham (1987), York University (1988), the University of Athens (1995), Macquarie University (1996), and Lingnan University (1999).〔"M.A.K. Halliday", in Brown and Law (2007), ''Linguistics in Britain'', 36, p. 117.〕
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